Artificial intelligence can spot COVID-19 in lung ultrasound

 When a person is infected with COVID-19, the virus can cause specific changes in the lungs, which can be observed through imaging techniques like ultrasound. These changes often manifest as characteristic patterns, such as thickened pleural lines, irregular or confluent B-lines, and subpleural consolidations.

AI algorithms are trained on large datasets of lung ultrasound images, including those from COVID-19 patients and those without the virus. Through this training, the algorithms learn to recognize the distinct patterns associated with COVID-19 infection. Once trained, these algorithms can quickly analyze new ultrasound images and flag any abnormalities indicative of COVID-19.

This AI-driven approach offers several benefits. It can aid healthcare professionals in rapidly identifying potential cases of COVID-19, especially in settings where access to PCR testing or CT scans may be limited. Additionally, it can help prioritize resources by directing attention to cases that are more likely to be positive for COVID-19.

AI has been increasingly utilized in healthcare, including for the detection and diagnosis of COVID-19. Lung ultrasound has emerged as a promising tool for identifying characteristic patterns associated with the virus. AI algorithms trained on vast datasets of lung ultrasound images can analyze these patterns with high accuracy, aiding healthcare professionals in detecting COVID-19-related lung abnormalities swiftly and accurately. This application of AI showcases the potential for technology to assist in diagnosing and managing infectious diseases more effectively.

Certainly! Artificial intelligence algorithms are being developed to analyze lung ultrasound images and identify patterns associated with COVID-19. This technology can help healthcare professionals swiftly and accurately detect COVID-19-related lung abnormalities, improving diagnosis and management of the disease. The advantage of using lung ultrasound for COVID-19 detection lies in its accessibility, portability, and safety compared to other imaging modalities such as CT scans. Ultrasound is non-invasive, does not involve radiation exposure, and can be performed at the bedside, making it particularly suitable for use in various healthcare settings, including emergency departments, intensive care units, etc.

Compiled by Bhumika Sharma

Optimizing model training: Strategies and challenges in artificial intelligence

 When you do model training, you send data through the network multiple times. Think of it like wanting to become the best basketball player. You aim to improve your shooting, passing, and positioning to minimize errors. Similarly, machines use repeated exposure to data to recognize patterns.

This article will focus on a fundamental concept called backward propagation. After reading, you’ll understand:

1. What backward propagation is and why it’s important.

2. Gradient Descent and its type.

3. Backward propagation in Machine Learning.

Let’s delve into backpropagation and its significance.

What is backpropagation and why does it matter in neural networks?

In Machine Learning, machines take actions, analyze mistakes, and try to improve. We give the machine an input and ask for a forward pass, turning input into output. However, the output may differ from our expectations.

Neural Networks are supervised learning systems, meaning they know the correct output for any given input. Machines calculate the error between the ideal and actual output from the forward pass. While a forward pass highlights prediction mistakes, it lacks intelligence if machines don’t correct these errors. For learning in depth about machine learning & Neural networks you can join multiple data science courses available online. Algorithms’ insight into ML and neural networks and their practical application is important to understand. 

After the forward pass, machines send back errors as a cost value. Analyzing these errors involves updating parameters used in the forward pass to transform input into output. This process, sending cost values backward toward the input, is called “backward propagation.” It’s crucial because it helps calculate gradients used by optimization algorithms to learn parameters.

What is the time complexity of a backpropagation algorithm?

The time complexity of a backpropagation algorithm, which refers to how long it takes to perform each step in the process, depends on the structure of the neural network. In the early days of deep learning, simple networks had low time complexity. However, today’s more complex networks, with many parameters, have much higher time complexity. The primary factor influencing time complexity is the size of the neural network, but other factors like the size of the training data and the amount of data used also play a role.

Essentially, the number of neurons and parameters directly impacts how backpropagation operates. The time complexity of the forward pass (the movement of input data through the layers) increases as the number of neurons involved grows. Similarly, in the backward pass (when parameters are updated to repair errors), additional parameters result in increased temporal complexity. 

Gradient descent

Gradient Descent is like training to be a great cricket player who excels at hitting a straight drive. During the model training, you repeatedly face balls of the same length to master that specific stroke and reduce the room for errors. Likewise, gradient descent is an algorithm that aims to minimize the error-proneness, or cost function, to produce the most accurate result possible. Artificial Intelligence uses this Gradient Descent data to train a model. Software model training in depth is covered in many online full stack developer courses. Learning from Online material will give a good hands-on experience in Model Training in ML and software architecture.

But, Before starting training, you need the right equipment. Just as a cricketer needs a ball, you need to know the function you want to minimize (the cost function), its derivatives, and the current inputs, weight, and bias. The goal is to get the most accurate output, and in return, you get the values of the weight and bias with the smallest margin of error.

Gradient Descent is a fundamental algorithm in many machine-learning models. Its purpose is to find the minimum of the cost function, representing the lowest point or deepest valley. The cost function helps identify errors in the predictions of a machine learning model.

Using calculus, you can find the slope of a function, which is the derivative of the function concerning a value. Knowing the slope for each weight guides you toward the lowest point in the valley. The Learning Rate, a hyper-parameter, determines how much you adjust each weight during the iteration process. It involves trial and error, often improved by providing the neural network with more datasets. A well-functioning Gradient Descent algorithm should decrease the cost function with each iteration, and when it can’t decrease further, it is considered converged.

There are different types of gradient descents.

Batch gradient descent

It calculates the error but updates the model only after evaluating the entire dataset. It is computationally efficient but may not always achieve the most accurate results. 

Stochastic gradient descent

It updates the model after every training example, showing detailed improvement until convergence.

Mini-batch gradient descent

It is a deep learning technique that combines batch and stochastic gradient descent. The dataset is separated into small groups and analyzed separately.

Backpropagation algorithm in machine learning?

Backpropagation is a type of learning in machine learning. It falls under supervised learning, where we already know the correct output for each input. This helps calculate the loss function gradient, showing how the expected output differs from the actual output. In supervised learning, we use a training data set with clearly labeled data and specified desired outputs.

The pseudocode in the backpropagation algorithm?

The backpropagation algorithm pseudocode serves as a basic blueprint for developers and researchers to guide the backpropagation process. It provides high-level instructions, including code snippets for essential tasks. While the overview covers the basics, the actual implementation is usually more intricate. The pseudocode outlines sequential steps, including core components of the backpropagation process. It can be written in common programming languages like Python.

Conclusion

Backpropagation, also known as backward propagation, is an important phase in neural networks’ training. It calculates gradients of the cost function concerning learnable parameters. It’s a significant topic in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Thanks for reading so far, I hope you found the article informative.

Compiled by Bhumika Sharma